Immigration Blog Luba Smal Attorney at Law - Smal Immigration Law Office

DHS Reported Record Number of Overstays in FY 2022

7/7/2023

The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) has recently published an overdue overstay report showing that more than 850,000 foreign visitors overstayed their authorized stay in FY2022, which is probably a record high. A more detailed analysis of the numbers is forthcoming, but here are the highlights:

The total overstay rate for 2022 was 3.64 percent, which is more than double the rate of recent years.
Approximately 98,000 visitors who entered under the Visa Waiver Program (VWP), which allows visa-free travel for short-term visitors from low-risk countries, overstayed in 2022. The country with both the largest number and highest rate of VWP overstayers was Spain, with 28,356 overstays and a rate of 5.6 percent, which could trigger corrective measures.
The largest number of short-term visitor overstays from non-VWP countries came from Venezuela. About 173,000 Venezuelans overstayed during the year -- which is about 94 percent of the visitors. This is because the Biden administration has allowed Venezuelans to enter and receive Temporary Protected Status, a designation that includes a work permit.
The next largest number of overstays by short-term visitors are citizens of Mexico, with approximately 124,000 overstays, at a rate of 3.5 percent.
For the first time, DHS broke down the overstay rates for the three sub-categories of student/exchange visas. Vocational school students had the highest overstay rate of the three (9.1 percent). Exchange visitors overstayed at a rate of 5.6 percent, and university and other traditional students overstayed at a rate of 4.1 percent.
Just over 9,000 citizens of China overstayed on student or exchange visitor visas, representing more than 16 percent of all student/exchange overstays.
The largest number of overstays in the category that includes temporary workers came from Mexico (131,000) and India (5,800).

Visa overstays are a significant contributor to our nation's illegal immigration problem, and improving the situation requires a multi-pronged approach. The State Department will be required to adjust visa issuance standards in certain countries and in certain visa categories, to reflect overstay risks. Sponsors and employers of students and workers that produce disproportionately high numbers of overstays might be barred from participating in visa programs. ICE can be directed to expand enforcement programs that target overstays. Congress will continue to press DHS to build the biometric entry-exit system that will help maintain the integrity of the visa programs.

Read more here.

How to Check a Non-Immigrant Visa Appointment Wait Times at U.S. Embassies and Consulates?

1/10/2019

How to Check a Non-Immigrant Visa Appointment Wait Times at Different U.S. Embassies and Consulates Around the World?

If you plan to apply for a nonimmigrant visa to come to the United States as a temporary visitor, please review the current wait time for an interview using the tool at the link below. Examples of nonimmigrant visas: student F-1, visitor B-1/B-2, exchange visitor J-1, H-1B, L visa, etc.

Please note that K-1 fiancee visa is a nonimmigrant visa which has its own scheduling system because it is processed at the Immigrant Visa Unit of the U.S. embassy or consulate.

Click here for visa appointment times.

To schedule a consultation with an attorney, please email.

Unlawful Presence for Students and Exchange Visitors: F, J, M visas.

5/16/2018

(On August 9, 2018, USCIS published a final revised guidance which supersedes May 10th 2018 memorandum. Please refer to a new USCIS memorandum/guidance we published here).

On May 10, 2018, USCIS posted a policy memorandum changing how USCIS will calculate unlawful presence for students and exchange visitors in F, J, and M nonimmigrant status, including F-2, J-2, or M-2 dependents, who fail to maintain their status in the United States.

This policy aligns with Trump’s Executive Order: Enhancing Public Safety in the Interior of the United States to enforce the immigration laws of the country and will go into effect on Aug. 9, 2018.

Individuals in F, J, and M status who failed to maintain their status before Aug. 9, 2018, will start accruing unlawful presence on that date based on that failure, unless they had already started accruing unlawful presence, on the earliest of any of the following:

The day after DHS denied the request for an immigration benefit, if DHS made a formal finding that the individual violated his or her nonimmigrant status while adjudicating a request for another immigration benefit;
The day after their I-94 expired; or
The day after an immigration judge or in certain cases, the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA), ordered them excluded, deported, or removed (whether or not the decision is appealed).

Individuals in F, J, or M status who fail to maintain their status on or after Aug. 9, 2018, will start accruing unlawful presence on the earliest of any of the following:

The day after they no longer pursue the course of study or the authorized activity, or the day after they engage in an unauthorized activity;
The day after completing the course of study or program, including any authorized practical training plus any authorized grace period;
The day after the I-94 expires; or
The day after an immigration judge, or in certain cases, the BIA, orders them excluded, deported, or removed (whether or not the decision is appealed).

Individuals who have accrued more than 180 days of unlawful presence during a single stay, and then depart, may be subject to 3-year or 10-year bars to admission, depending on how much unlawful presence they accrued before they departed the United States. Individuals who have accrued a total period of more than one year of unlawful presence, whether in a single stay or during multiple stays in the United States, and who then reenter or attempt to reenter the United States without being admitted or paroled are permanently inadmissible.

Those subject to the 3-year, 10-year, or permanent unlawful presence bars to admission are generally not eligible to apply for a visa, admission, or adjustment of status to permanent residence unless they are eligible for a waiver of inadmissibility or another form of relief.

This policy memorandum is updating Chapter 40.9.2 of the USCIS Adjudicator’s Field Manual.

USCIS is accepting comments on the policy memorandum. The 30-day public comment period begins today and closes on June 11, 2018. For complete information on the comment process, visit the Policy Memoranda for Comment page.

List of Countries Subject to Travel Ban Was Updated: Chad Removed

4/14/2018

Effective April 13, 2018, the list of countries subject to travel ban has been updated. Follow the link to see updated table of countries whose nationals are currently ineligible for various kinds of visas under presidential proclamation Visitors visas and Immigrants Visas, including DV Lottery visas).

On April 10, a new Presidential Proclamation was issued which amended P.P. 9645 of September 24, 2017.
The new P.P. removed the visa restrictions imposed on nationals of Chad by the previous September 2017 proclamation. This change is effective at 12:01 a.m. EST on April 13, 2018.

All other visa restrictions outlined in P.P. 9645 remain in effect. (On December 4, 2017, the U.S. Supreme Court granted the government’s motions for emergency stays of preliminary injunctions issued by U.S. District Courts in the Districts of Hawaii and Maryland. The preliminary injunctions had prohibited the government from fully enforcing or implementing the entry restrictions of Presidential Proclamation 9645 (P.P.) to nationals of six countries: Chad, Iran, Libya, Syria, Yemen, and Somalia.

Per the Supreme Court’s orders, those restrictions will be implemented fully, in accordance with the Presidential Proclamation, around the world, beginning December 8 2018.

The District Court injunctions did not affect implementation of entry restrictions against nationals from North Korea and Venezuela. Those individuals remain subject to the restrictions and limitations listed in the Presidential Proclamation, which went into effect at 12:01 a.m. eastern time on Wednesday, October 18, 2017, with respect to nationals of those countries.

See more here.

Update on a Visa Waiver Program

12/22/2017

On December 15, 2017, the USCIS (DHS) announced that it would implement enhanced security measures for the Visa Waiver Program as part of the administration’s ongoing counterterrorism efforts.

The Visa Waiver Program allows certain citizens of 38 countries to travel to the United States for tourism or business purposes for up to 90 days without a visa. Visa Waiver Program countries include many European countries, Australia, New Zealand, South Korea, Singapore, and Japan. To be eligible for the Visa Waiver Program, a foreign national from one of the 38 designated countries must meet the following general requirements:

possess an e-Passport (i.e., an enhanced secure passport with an embedded chip containing the individual’s biographic information);
have applied for and received advance authorization through DHS’s Electronic System for Travel Authorization (ESTA) prior to travel;
have not traveled to or been present in Iran, Iraq, Libya, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, or Yemen on or after March 1, 2011 (with limited diplomatic or military exceptions); and
not be a dual national of a Visa Waiver Program country and Iran, Iraq, Sudan, or Syria.

The new restrictions on a Visa Waiver Program 12/15/2017: no implementation timeline was announced yet.

(1) Visa Waiver Program countries must begin utilizing U.S. counterterrorism information to screen all travelers entering those countries from elsewhere.

(2) Airports in eligible countries must also utilize the same U.S. data to screen their own employees as a means of safeguarding the United States against threats by foreign airport workers.

(3) DHS will focus on limiting the number of Visa Wavier Program travelers who overstay their maximum-allowed 90-day admission period. DHS will attempt to force countries with overstay rates of 2 percent or greater to conduct public awareness campaigns for their citizens, to educate them not to overstay, not to work without a work authorization, and about the penalties (unable to change status, adjust status, ban on future travel to USA). According to DHS data for FY 2016, only four countries out of 38 Visa Waiver countries currently meet the 2 percent threshold: Hungary, Greece, Portugal, and San Marino.

Travel Ban or Muslim Ban 3 Goes Into Effect While Appeals Are Pending

12/5/2017

On Monday, December 4, 2017, the U.S. Supreme Court issued two orders staying lower courts’ (Maryland & Hawaii) preliminary injunctions of President's September 24, 2017 presidential proclamation or 3rd travel ban.

Accordingly, President's most recent travel ban, so-called Muslim Ban 3, will go into effect while the appeals are pending. The U.S. Supreme Court encouraged the appeals courts to quickly decide whether the most recent travel ban was lawful.

The September 24, 2017, Presidential Proclamation on Enhancing Vetting Capabilities & Processes for Detecting Attempted Entry Into the United States by Terrorists or Other Public-Safety Threats indefinitely blocks the entry for certain individuals from eight countries: Iran, Iraq, Libya, Chad, North Korea, Syria, Somalia, Venezuela and Yemen.

Travel Restriction for Nationals of Eight Countries – Chad, Iran, Libya, North Korea, Somalia, Venezuela, Syria, and Yemen

General Rules:

Only applies to individuals who are (i) outside of the U.S. on the day the travel ban goes into effect, and (ii) who do not have a valid visa on the day travel ban goes into effect, and (iii) who have not obtained a waiver under Section 3(c) of the Proclamation
Does not apply to:
- Lawful permanent residents (green card holders);
- Individuals admitted or paroled into the U.S. on or after the effective date;
- Those with a document other than a visa that allows them to travel to the U.S., if the document is dated on or after the effective date;
- Dual-nationals traveling on a passport from a non-designated country;
- Individuals granted asylum;
- Refugees already admitted to the U.S.; or
- Individuals granted withholding of removal, advance parole, or protection under the Convention against Torture

Previously-Impacted Countries – Restrictions Effective Immediately:

Iran
- Effective immediately, immigrant and nonimmigrant entry are suspended for Iranian nationals except for those with F, J, or M visas.
- Those with F, J, or M visas will most likely be subject to “enhanced screening and vetting requirements.”
Libya
- Effective immediately, immigrants and nonimmigrants on business (B-1), tourist (B-2), business/tourist (B-1/B-2) visas are suspended except those with a bona fide relationship to the U.S.
Somalia
- Effective immediately, immigrant visas are suspended for Somali nationals
- Non-immigrant visas are permitted, subjected to heightened screening.
- The bona fide relationship exemption ends October 18, 2017.
Syria
- Effective immediately, immigrant and nonimmigrant entry is suspended for Syrian nationals
Sudan
- Sudan was removed from the list of restricted countries in MB-4.
- Sudanese visa holders who were impacted by earlier Muslim Bans should now be able to reapply for visa.
Yemen
- Effective immediately, all immigrant visas and nonimmigrant business (B-1), tourist (B-2), and business/tourist (B-1/B-2) visas are suspended,

Newly Impacted Countries (Added):

Chad
- All immigrant visas and with nonimmigrant business (B-1), tourist (B-2), and business/tourist (B-1/B-2) visas are suspended from entering the U.S.
North Korea
- All immigrant and nonimmigrant visa holders are suspended from entering the U.S.
Venezuela
- The entry of officials of government agencies of Venezuela involved in screening and vetting procedures and their immediate family members, as nonimmigrants on business (B-1), tourist (B-2), and business/tourist (B-1/B-2) visas, is suspended. Additionally, nationals of Venezuela who are visa holders are subject to additional measures.
- Per Section 3(b)(v) of MB-4, certain Venezuelans traveling on diplomatic visas are not affected by this order.

Waivers:

If you are from one of the countries covered by the travel ban and do not yet have a valid U.S. visa, you cannot obtain a visa at this time unless you qualify for a waiver. Consular officers may, on a case-by-case and discretionary basis, grant a waiver to affected individuals for certain reasons. To obtain a waiver and a visa, the person seeking admission must prove:

denying entry to the U.S. would cause the foreign national undue hardship;
admission would not pose a threat to the national security or public safety of the United States;
entry would be in the U.S. national interest.

Travel Risks for People from Affected Countries with Valid Visas:

If you are from one of the impacted countries and hold a valid visa, you may be able to apply for admission to the United States. The newest travel ban states that no visas will be automatically revoked and that those with a valid visa are not covered by the travel ban. However, travel outside the United States at this time carries risk.

Travel Ban 3.0 or Muslim Ban Revised: Presidential Proclamation September 24 2017

9/28/2017

On September 24, 2017, the White House issued a Presidential Proclamation which replaced expiring portions of the President's March 6, 2017 Executive Order, Travel Ban 2.0, and expanded the list of the banned countries to eight.

The following eight countries are now subject to travel restrictions (travel ban): Chad, Iran, Libya, North Korea, Syria, Venezuela, Yemen, Somalia.

There was no clear explanation why the U.S. ally in Africa, Chad, was added to the list of the banned countries.

Iraq and Sudan were removed from the travel ban list, but the Proclamation Travel Ban recommends “additional scrutiny” for nationals of Iraq and Sudan.

This travel ban applies differently to citizens of different banned countries:

** Citizens of North Korea are barred from all types of immigrant and nonimmigrant entry into the United States;

** Citizens of Chad are only barred from entering on immigrant visas and on non-immigrant business (B-1), tourist (B-2), and business/tourist (B-1/B-2) visas; and

** Citizens of Iran are barred in all immigrant and nonimmigrant categories except for student (F and M) and exchange visitor (J) visas. Therefore, it is expected that visa issuance and entry in categories not subject to the ban will continue uninterrupted.

The Proclamation Travel Ban goes into effect on different dates for different countries.

For foreign nationals already subject to the Travel Ban 2.0 and who do not have a bona fide relationship with a person or entity in the US, the restrictions in the Proclamation Travel Ban went into effect immediately on September 24, 2017. For all nationals of the recently added countries, travel ban will apply on October 18, 2017.

Effective October 18, 2017, the proclamation appears to get rid of the “bona fide relationship” protection implemented by the Supreme Court under its temporary ruling on the EO Travel Ban 2.0, which exempted travelers with certain qualifying family and employment relationships in the US. Most likely, this issue will be litigated again.

Contrary to the Travel Ban 2.0, the new Proclamation Travel Ban has no expiration date. Government agencies will be presenting reports every 180 days, and the Travel Ban 3.0 can be revised based on the reports and recommendations.

Additional countries may be added in the future.

Countries may be removed if they are recommended for removal by the DHS, in consultation with US Department of State and other relevant US agencies.

The new Proclamation Travel Ban 3.0 does not apply to certain categories of travelers:

Lawful permanent residents..
Travelers who already hold a valid US visa.
Dual citizens of the designated (banned) countries who are traveling on the passport of a non-designated country.
People already granted asylum in the US or admitted to the US in refugee status, and those already granted withholding of removal, advance parole, or protection under the Convention Against Torture.
People traveling with a document other than a visa valid on the effective date (for example, an advance parole document) that permits them to travel to the USA .
Holders of diplomatic visas, NATA visas, UN C-2 visas, G-1, G-2, G-3, and G-4 visas;

A case-by-case waiver may be issued by consular and border officers when determined to be appropriate. The waiver grant guidance is expected to be released soon by the US Department of State. The waiver guidance will consider the US national interest and potential security risks for each individual, among other categories.

Full test of the Presidential Proclamation is here.

US Embassy in Russia Suspended Issuance of Nonimmigrant Visitor Visas

8/21/2017

Effective August 23, 2017, the U.S. Embassy suspended issuing nonimmigrant visas for eight days until September 1, 2017 in response to the Russian decision to cut embassy and consulate staff in Russia by 755, or by two-thirds.

The embassy would resume issuing visas in Moscow consulate only on September 1 2017, but will no longer issue any visas at the U.S. consulates in St. Petersburg, Yekaterinburg and Vladivostok indefinitely.

It's expected that visitor visa appointment wait time could be as long as six months!

Nearly a quarter of a million Russian tourists visited the U.S. last year, according to Russian tourism officials.

In August 2017, Russia ordered the U.S. to cut its embassy and consulate staff in Russia by 755. Congress approved sanctions against Russia for meddling in the 2016 U.S. election and for its aggression in Ukraine and Syria.

Read more here.

Briefly in Russian:

С 23 августа по 1 сенбября 2017 США временно приостановили выдачу гостевых и других неиммиграционных виз в России.

После 1 сентября 2017 только консульство США в Москве будет выдавать визы. Три оставшиеся консульства прекратят выдачу виз на неопределенное время.

Ожидается, что сроки выдачи виз затянулся до 6 месяцев. Эта мера - последствие августовских санкций и выдворения 755 сотрудников американского посольства из России.

The 180-Day Rule for Canadian Visitors to USA

8/1/2017

We often get inquiries from Canadian citizens who make frequent or lengthy trips to the United States annually. They have heard about a so-called “180-day rule” that allows a Canadian visitor to visit the U.S. for the maximum period of 180 days.

Although many Canadians citizens do not get a passport stamp or entry document that authorizes entry for a specific term, U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) takes the position that Canadians citizens are deemed to be admitted for a maximum of six months. However, CBP may stamp a passport allowing a much shorter period of admission (only 5 days, two months, etc), in the situation where a Canadian citizen travels often to the U.S. which raises questions that he or she is not merely a visitor.

A person is in violation of the immigration laws if he or she does not depart the United States within the six-month limit (or whatever period is allowed by CBP), thereby becoming deportable and ineligible for other immigration benefits. Longer periods of overstay and unlawful presence of over a year can lead to a ban for 10 years.

But that rule has nothing to do with the person who makes frequent short visits that aggregate 180 days or more during the year. A Canadian citizen could theoretically come across (and depart) as a visitor every day and accumulate 365 days of presence in the United States without raising any concerns about overstay or unlawful presence. Such a pattern could certainly lead to more CBP scrutiny at the border as to the nature of the visits, to rule out the possibility that the person is working or living illegally in the United States.

Immigration rule summary: A Canadian citizen should not remain in the United States continuously for more than six months as a visitor (or longer than the admission period allowed by the CBP, if CBP allowed a shorter period of admission to USA). Aggregate time frames in excess of six months do not violate any immigration law, but they might create more CBP scrutiny at the border, requiring the person to prove how he or she qualifies as visitor, to prove that they do not work in the United States. For the business visitor, this might require some advance planning and the implementation of record-keeping techniques that easily and credibly explain the number, nature, and duration of prior trips.

The second part of the “180-day rule” relates to U.S. tax issues. If you spend too much time in the United States you can be deemed a resident for U.S. federal income tax purposes, requiring to file a U.S. income tax return and report all worldwide income even if there is no earned income in the United States or any other activity that would require a U.S. tax filing.

The IRS uses a “substantial presence” test to determine if someone is a resident for U.S. federal income tax purposes in a given calendar year. The “substantial presence” test is a mechanical formula based solely on the number of days on which an individual is present in the United States. The formula is applied to make a determination each calendar year. To be classified as a U.S. resident under the substantial presence test for a particular year, an individual must be physically present in the United States on at least 31 days of the current calendar year, and the sum of the following must equal 183 or more days: 1) all days in the United States in the current year, plus 2) one-third of the days in the immediately preceding year, plus 3) one-sixth of the days in the second preceding year.

The general rule of thumb is to keep presence in the United States under 120 days each year. (The designation “resident” for federal income tax purposes has nothing to do with immigration status or actual place of domicile; it just means that the person must file a U.S. resident return and report his or her worldwide income.)

Thus, someone who consistently visits the United States for around 180 days a year is going to satisfy the substantial presence test and be deemed a U.S. resident for federal income tax purposes. That isn’t the end of the analysis, however, because there are exceptions, including the “closer connection” and “tie-breaker” rules under the Internal Revenue Code and U.S.-Canada Tax Treaty that may allow the person to avoid being subject to U.S. tax on their worldwide income even if the actual number of days creates substantial presence.

The closer connection exception is only available if the individual is present less than 183 days in the current year. In order to claim the application of one of these exceptions, the individual is required to affirmatively file a tax return or other information statement with the IRS. The closer connection exception is generally preferred because it does not require additional information filings with the IRS as does the treaty exception.

Tax rule summary. A person will not be considered a resident for U.S. federal income tax purposes if he or she keeps the number of days in the United States to under 120 days on a consistent basis. Individuals who do satisfy the substantial presence test may nevertheless still avoid residency status under the closer connection or treaty tie-breaker rules (though they do not avoid U.S. tax filings altogether).

It is a good rule of thumb to keep visits to USA to less than 120 days annually. If that is not possible, the Canadian visitor should keep presence under 183 days so that he or she can elect the closer connection exception if otherwise applicable to the Canadian’s situation. An over-simplistic approach might lead to unintended consequences or lost opportunities.

Please note that this overview is provided for general information purposes only, and should not be considered legal advice. To receive advice regarding your tax liability you should consult a professional who specializes in taxation. Our firm only deals with immigration matters.

Toronto, Ontario, Canada